The Enemy release hypothesis is the idea that invasive species are less impacted by enemies than native species.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Innate immunity is the most ancient form of defense, found in all multicellular plants and animals.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

An evolutionarily conserved family of signaling molecules, TGF-β superfamily includes: 

TGF-β family, Nodal and activin families, BMPs, Vg1 family, GDNF, AMH

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The ascending limb, both the thin & the thick segments

is virtually impermeable to water, a characteristic that is important for concentrating the urine.

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Carboniferous - First reptile

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Rubisco is also regulated by a natural sugar phosphate, carboxyarabinitol-1-phosphate, that closely resembles the six-carbon transition intermediate of the carboxylation reaction. This inhibitor is present at low concentrations in leaves of many species and at high concentrations in leaves of legumes such as soybean and bean. 

Carboxyarabinitol- 1-phosphate binds to rubisco at night, and it is removed by the action of rubisco activase in the morning, when photon flux density increases.