Carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and oxygen cycle atoms circulate through photorespiration

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10540

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

PKB phosphorylates Bad, and phosphorylated Bad forms a complex with a cytosolic 14-3-3 protein.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10541

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In the absence of trophic factors, nonphosphorylated

Bad binds to Bcl-2, releasing Bax and Bak and allowing them to form oligomeric membrane pores and holes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10542

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

DNA damage or UV irradiation leads to induction of synthesis of the BH3-only Puma protein which binds to Bak and Bax as well as to Bcl-2, allowing Bak and

Bax to form oligomeric pores.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10543

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Removal of a cell from its substratum disrupts integrin signaling, leading to release of the BH3-only Bim

protein from the cytoskeleton which binds to Bak and Bax to promote pore formation.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10544

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Two BH3-only proteins, Puma and Noxa are transcriptionally induced by the p53 protein

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10545

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Binding of cytochrome c to the Apaf1 triggers formation of an apoptosome containing seven molecules each of Apaf and cytochrome c and having a sevenfold symmetry.