Two mechanisms for terminating cytokine signaling:

1. Short-term regulation: SHP1

2. Long-term regulation: SOCS proteins

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9512

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Coronatine is involved in causing stomata to open after closing in response to PAMPs, as well as in interfering with salicylic acid (SA)‐mediated defense responses.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9513

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Bacteria frequently deploy a “quorum‐sensing” mechanism to facilitate successful colonization of plant tissue

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9514

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Quorum sensing in Erwinia carotovora is mediated by N‐acylhomoserine lactones, small molecules released from the bacterial cells into the surrounding medium.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9515

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Phytoplasmas are specialized bacteria that are obligate parasites of the phloem tissue. They are mainly

spread by insects in the families Cicadellidae (leaf hoppers),

Fulgoroidae (plant hoppers), and Psyllidae (jumping plant

lice). 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9516

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The xylem‐colonizing bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is transmitted by various species of Homalodisca in the family Cicadellidae.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9517

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

During infection, most bacteria remain in extracellular spaces and use a specialized mechanism, the type III secretion system (T3SS), to deliver bacterial effector proteins into the plant cell