During infection, most bacteria remain in extracellular spaces and use a specialized mechanism, the type III secretion system (T3SS), to deliver bacterial effector proteins into the plant cell

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Propidium iodide-labeled cells can be identify cells within the populations are at each stage of the cell cycle.

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The α-amanitin binding site is beneath a “bridge helix” extending across the cleft between the two largest pol II subunits, Rpb1 and Rpb2

a DNA template, whereas in eukaryotes, transcription takes place on a chromatin template.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The phosphorylated Ci is proteolytically cleaved by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, generating an N-terminal fragment Ci75, which functions as a transcriptional repressor of Hh target genes.