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TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9523

Three major types of insect herbivores
Phloem feeders, such as aphids and whiteflies, cause little damage to the epidermis and mesophyll cells. Phloem feeders insert their narrow stylet, which is an elongated mouthpart, into the phloem sieve tubes of leaves and stems. 

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant #Stress response #Part B Pointers
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TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7367

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

In Drosophila, during the ninth division cycle- Pole cells determination 
TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7368

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

The transition from specification to determination in Drosophila is mediated by Segmentation genes.
TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7369

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

First zygotic genes is Gap genes. Mutations in them cause gaps in the segmentation pattern.
TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7370

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Gap genes encode transcription factors, and differing combinations and concentrations of gap gene proteins regulate the transcription of pair-rule genes, which divide the embryo into periodic units.
TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7371

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

The transcription factors encoded by the pair-rule genes activate the segment polarity genes, whose mRNA and protein products divide the embryo into 14-segment-wide units, establishing the periodicity of the embryo. 
TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7372

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Major genes affecting segmentation pattern 

1.Gap genes                 2. Pair rule genes(primary)           3. Segment polarity genes      

Kruppel (Kr)                    hairy(h)                                             engrailed (en)

knirps (kni)                      even skipped(eve)                           wingless (wg)

hunchback (hb)              runt(run)                                           cubitus interruptus(ci) 

giant (gt)                          Pair rule genes (secondary)           hedgehog(hh)

tailless (til)                       fushi tarazu (ftz)                              fused (fu)

huckebein (hkb)              odd paired (opa)                             armadillo (arm)

buttonhead (btd)            odd skipped (odd)                          patched (ptc)

empty spiracles (ems)    sloppy paired (slp)                          gooseberry (gsb)

orthodenticle (otd)         paired (prd)                                      pangolin (pan