Hamilton’s rule:  It states that an allele that causes an altruistic behavior will spread if the following condition is met (rb>C)

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#Id: 1614

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Proinflammatory cytokines TNF-ᾳ, IL-1, and IL-6, produced by macrophages and dendritic cells.

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#Id: 2047

#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

Autosomal Dominant Trait

a. Usually appears in both sexes with equal frequency.

b. Both sexes transmit the trait to their offspring.

c. Does not skip generations.

d. Affected offspring must have an affected parent unless they possess a new mutation.

e. When one parent is affected (heterozygous) and the other parent is unaffected, approximately half of the offspring will be affected.

f. Unaffected parents do not transmit the trait.

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#Id: 5848

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Many restored habitats have greater biodiversity and ecosystem services than degraded habitats 

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#Id: 9922

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

IFN-ϒ acts directly by inducing an antiviral state in nearby cells.

IL-2 acts indirectly by assisting the development of cytotoxic T lymphocyte(CTL) precursors into an effector population.

Both IL-2 and IFN-ϒ activate NK cells.

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#Id: 1554

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

The dyneins are a family of minus end–directed microtubule motors.