Laticifers are made of individual cells and can occur either as articulated systems (single cells connected by a small tube) or non-articulated systems (one large syncytial cell).

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The total duration of the cardiac cycle, including systole and diastole, is the reciprocal of the heart rate.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Atrial systole 

Preceded by the depolarization of the atria

Contraction of the atrium causes an increase in atrial pressure.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Atrial systole

The P wave is caused by spread of depolarization through the atria and is followed by atrial contraction.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Atrial systole 

Increase in atrial pressure is reflected back to the veins, it appears on the venous pulse record as the a wave.

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#Id: 5304

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Atrial systole 

ventricle is relaxed, & because the AV valve is open, the ventricle is filling with blood from the atrium, even prior to atrial systole.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5305

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

When blood is actively ejected from the atrium to the ventricle through the open AV valves. The corresponding “blip” in ventricular pressure reflects this additional volume added to the ventricle from atrial systole.