β-catenin Destruction Complex contains:

Tumor suppressor APC

Dvl protein

Constitutively active protein kinases GSK 3β and CK1

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1771

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

An antigen presented to T cells without appropriate costimulation results in a form of tolerance known as anergy.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1772

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

CTLA-4 bind to CD80/86 and inhibits T-cell.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1773

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Third mechanism for maintaining tolerance, in addition to T-cell anergy and apoptosis, is through the activity of regulatory T cells (TREG cells).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1774

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TREG can be generated both naturally, in the thymus (nTREG cells), and after induction by antigen in the periphery (iTREG cells).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1775

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1776

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In the presence of antigen and TGF-β, CD8+ regulatory T cells expressing FoxP3 can be induced (iTREG).