IV.Gymnosperm

Polyembryony - common

Ovules - seeds

Seeds two or more cotyledons

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9525

#XL - R Botany

Cell-content feeders, such as mites and thrips, are piercing-and-sucking insects that cause an intermediate amount of physical damage to plant cells.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9526

#XL - R Botany

Chewing insects, such as caterpillars, grasshoppers, and beetles, cause the most significant damage to plants. 

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#Id: 9527

#XL - R Botany

Plant viruses are biotrophs and they enters in the plants via plasmodesmata and phloem

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#Id: 9529

#XL - R Botany

Plant viruses have small genomes; most encode only three to 10 proteins.

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#Id: 9528

#XL - R Botany

Viruses targets endocytic recycling pathway for cell‐to‐cell spread

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9530

#XL - R Botany

Many insect pest species also transmit viruses. The sapsucking species are effective virus vectors, delivering virus particles directly into the vascular tissue, thereby permitting their rapid dissemination throughout the plant