Permanentt tissue

A) Simple Permanent Tissue

i) Parenchyma Cells

ii) Collenchyma Cells

iii) Sclerenchyma Cells

B) Complex permanent tissue

i) Xylem ( Hydrome)

ii) Phloem

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#XL - T Zoology

An individual carrying the allele can pass copies of it to his or her own children. This is the allele’s direct fitness. The allele can also pass extra copies of itself to the next generation as the result of the increased fitness of relatives that benefit from the altruistic individual’s actions. This is the allele’s indirect fitness. 

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#XL - T Zoology

Allele’s inclusive fitness = Direct fitness + Indirect fitness

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#XL - T Zoology

Hamilton’s rule

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#XL - T Zoology

Degree of genetic relatedness

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#XL - T Zoology

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#XL - T Zoology

Altruism in social insects(haplodiploidy) Workers, rarely reproduce themselves but instead help one reproductive female (the queen) to raise offspring, a phenomenon called eusociality.