Density-independent factors limit population size regardless of the population’s density.

Common density-independent factors include natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, and fires.

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#XL - T Zoology

Haldane’s rule: hybrid sterility or hybrid inviability is often limited to the heterogametic sex. 

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Hamilton’s rule:  It states that an allele that causes an altruistic behavior will spread if the following condition is met (rb>C)

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Cope’s rule:  A proposed generalization that individual body size in animals tends to increase during evolution.

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#XL - T Zoology

Hitchhiking: Change in the frequency of an allele due to linkage with a selected allele at another locus.

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Dollo’s law:  A biological generalization positing that complex characters, once lost in evolution, are extremely unlikely to reappear and thus the loss of complex characters is virtually always irreversible.

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#XL - T Zoology

Van Valen law - he found a surprising result: rather straight curves, implying that the probability of extinction is roughly constant.