Two sugars that differ in configuration at only one chiral center are described as epimers.

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#Id: 9853

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an anion channel blocker, NPPB (5-nitro-2-[4-phenylbutylamino]- benzoate), prevents the blue light–dependent membrane depolarization and decreases the inhibitory effect of blue light on hypocotyl elongation.

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Phototropins (phots) are involved in directing organ, chloroplast, and nuclear movements, solar tracking, and stomatal opening

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In Mougeotia, the photoreceptors regulating chloroplast movement consist of a fusion between phytochrome and a phototropin known as neochrome, and show typical bilin binding as well as red/far-red reversibility.

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Mougeotia appears to have evolved the ability to exploit red light as a signal to induce a response (chloroplast movement) that is typically mediated by blue light.

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#Id: 9857

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phot1 is the primary phototropic receptor mediates phototropism in response to low and high fluence rates of blue light. 

phot2 mediates phototropism in response to high light intensities

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#Id: 9858

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Phototropin receptors are associated with the plasma membrane, where they function as light-activated serine/threonine kinases.