Most protein have "loops" introduced by disulfides of about 15 residues

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Sporophylls and Spore Variations

Sporophylls produce clusters of sporangia known as “sori”

Groups of sporophylls form cone-like structures called “strobili” 

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Homosporous and Heterosporous

Homosporous develops into a bisexual gametophyte example; ferns

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Heterosporous two types of sporophylls, called- 

megasporophylls-  spores that develop into Female gametophytes

microsporophylls-  spores that develop into Male gametophytes

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Modes of reproduction

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Gametophyte 

Spores germinate to give small but multicellular, free living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called “Prothallus”