James Hutton and Charles Lyell – Uniformitarianism

Darwin was greatly influenced by Lyell’s teachings, and he adopted uniformitarianism in his thinking about evolution.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10346

#XL - Q Biochemistry

T1 cells are mIgMhi, mIgD -/lo, CD21-, CD23-, CD24+, and CD93+. 

T2 cells differ from T1 cells in having higher levels of mIgD and in expressing CD21 and CD23. 

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#Id: 10347

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Transitional B cells bound for a follicular fate undergo positive and negative selection in the spleen.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10348

#XL - Q Biochemistry

BAFF-R expression is first detected in T1 B cells and increases steadily there after.

Signaling through the BAFF/BAFF-R axis promotes survival of transitional B cells by inducing the synthesis of anti-apoptotic factors such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and Mcl-1

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10349

#XL - Q Biochemistry

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10350

#XL - Q Biochemistry

B cells migrate to the lymphoid follicles. They are directed there by chemokine interactions between CXCL13, which is secreted by follicular dendritic cells (FDCs).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10351

#XL - Q Biochemistry

B-cell survival in the follicle is dependent on access to the TNF-family member cytokine B-cell activation factor (BAFF), otherwise known as B lymphocyte survival factor (BLyS), which is secreted by the FDCs.