Thorns are modified branches, as in citrus and acacia; spines

are modified leaves

Prickles are derived mainly from the epidermis and thus can be easily snapped off the stem, protect plants from larger herbivores

Trichomes, or hairs, provide a much more effective defense against insect pests

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Two types of symporters (NRT1 and NRT2) and one antiporter (CLC) are involved in nitrate transport in plants.

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Ammonium assimilation in roots

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Nitrate reductase

Homodimers, two identical subunits

Each subunit with 100kD

Each subunit contains 3 prosthetic groups:

FAD, heme, and molybdenum complexed to pterin (an organic molecule). 

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The nitrate reductase dimer- Three binding domains

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