Rho GTPases are the “master builders” of the cell because they can activate an array of kinases and cytoskeletal binding proteins that remodel cytoskeletal elements to alter cell shape and movement

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Cope’s rule:  A proposed generalization that individual body size in animals tends to increase during evolution.

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Hitchhiking: Change in the frequency of an allele due to linkage with a selected allele at another locus.

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Dollo’s law:  A biological generalization positing that complex characters, once lost in evolution, are extremely unlikely to reappear and thus the loss of complex characters is virtually always irreversible.

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Van Valen law - he found a surprising result: rather straight curves, implying that the probability of extinction is roughly constant.

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Ockham’s principle - Principle of parsimony 

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The Forces of Evolution

mutation, 

genetic drift

gene flow or migration

selection.