The biosynthesis of gibberellins is under strict genetic, developmental, and environmental control, and numerous gibberellin-deficient mutants have been isolated. 

Mendel’s tall/dwarf alleles in peas are a famous example. Such mutants have been useful in elucidating the complex pathways of gibberellin biosynthesis.

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Duplication- is a mutation in which part of the chromosome has been doubled.

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Reverse duplication - Duplicated segment is inverted.

 

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Tandem duplication - Duplicated chromosome segment is adjacent to the original segment.

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In heterozygotes DUPLICATIONS - The pairing and synapsis of homologous regions require that one or both chromosomes loop and twist. 

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EFFECTS OF CHROMOSOME DUPLICATIONS - Bar phenotype in Drosophila

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Duplications and deletions often arise from unequal crossing over.