Testcross Cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual with the homozygous recessive genotype.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8255

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Potential energy of Dipole-Dipole Interaction

V is the potential energy

μ is the dipole moment

ϵo is the vacuum permittivity.

R is the length between the two nuclei

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8256

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

The negative sign indicates that energy is released out of the system, because energy is released when bonds are formed, even weak bonds.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8257

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

The negative sign also suggests that the interaction is driven by an attractive force.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8258

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Induced Dipoles

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8259

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

An induced dipole moment is a temporary condition during which a neutral nonpolar atom (i.e., Helium) undergo a separation of charges due to the environment.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8260

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

When an instantaneous dipole atom approaches a neighbouring atom, it can cause that atom to also produce dipoles.

The neighbouring atom is then considered to have an induced dipole moment.