Large aberrations can be detected by examination of mitotic chromosomes that have been stained with banding agents such as quinacrine or Giemsa.

#Id: 7745

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

The noble gases are left out of the trends in atomic radii because there is great debate over the experimental values of their atomic radii.

The SI units for measuring atomic radii are the nanometer (nm) and the picometer (pm). 1 nm = 1 X 109 m; 1 pm = 1 X 10-12 m.

#Id: 7746

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

The noble gases are left out of the trends in atomic radii because there is great debate over the experimental values of their atomic radii.

The SI units for measuring atomic radii are the nanometer (nm) and the picometer (pm). 1 nm = 1 X 109 m; 1 pm = 1 X 10-12 m.

#Id: 7747

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Size of atom or atomic radii can be estimated by effective nuclear charge

#Id: 7748

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Zeff=Z –S

Chlorine would have a Z value of 17 (the atomic number of Chlorine). Continuing to use Chlorine as an example, the 10 inner electrons (S) would screen out the positive charge of ten protons. Therefore there would be and effective nuclear charge of 17-10 or +7.

#Id: 7749

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

#Id: 7750

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

The greater the effective nuclear charge the more tightly an electron is held in by the nucleus because there is less electron shield between the valence electrons and the nucleus, and so, the smaller the radius.