The probe must span the sequence where the transcript starts or ends. After hybridizing the probe to the transcript, one applies S1 nuclease, which degrades only single-stranded DNA and RNA.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 858

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

The structural components of the T3SS are encoded by the clustered hypersensitive response and pathogenicity cluster (hrp) genes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 859

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Many bacterial Avr effectors delivered by type III secretion are enzymes such as phosphatases, proteases, phosphoserine lyases, or E3 ubiquitin ligases that attenuate host defense signaling.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1096

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

ATP-powered pumps use the energy released by hydrolysis of the terminal phosphoanhydride bond of ATP to transport ions.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1097

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Four classes of ATP-powered pumps:

P-class pumps

V-class pumps

F-class pumps

ABC Superfamily

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1098

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

ATP powered pumps transport ions and various small molecules across membranes always against their concentration gradients.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1099

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

P1 ATPases transports

Cu+, Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Co2+.