Parkinson’s disease is caused by mutations in two gene encoding proteins that can mediate mitophagy:

PINK1 (a kinase)

Parkin (E3 ubiquitin ligase)

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The heavy chain is then expressed on the cell surface in combination with the surrogate light chain, which is made up of VpreB and λ5. 

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

B- cell maturation

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

T1 and T2 Transitional B Cells

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

T1 cells are mIgMhi, mIgD -/lo, CD21-, CD23-, CD24+, and CD93+. 

T2 cells differ from T1 cells in having higher levels of mIgD and in expressing CD21 and CD23. 

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Transitional B cells bound for a follicular fate undergo positive and negative selection in the spleen.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

BAFF-R expression is first detected in T1 B cells and increases steadily there after.

Signaling through the BAFF/BAFF-R axis promotes survival of transitional B cells by inducing the synthesis of anti-apoptotic factors such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and Mcl-1