Effector‐encoding genes or avirulence (Avr) genes, found in pathogen as the Pseudomonas produces AvrPto effector causes avirulence.

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#Id: 9503

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The ToxA gene encodes a 13‐ kDa polypeptide. ToxA stimulates host cell death in a light dependent manner by binding to Plastocynin.

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#Id: 6129

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

When the initial removal involves lyase action, the endonuclease APE1 instead recruits DNA polymerase b to replace a single nucleotide. The nick is then sealed by the ligase XRCC1/ligase-3. This is called the short-patch pathway.

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#Id: 10343

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The heavy chain is then expressed on the cell surface in combination with the surrogate light chain, which is made up of VpreB and λ5. 

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#Id: 9714

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Ste11 analogous to Raf and other mammalian MEK kinase (MEKK) proteins.

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#Id: 7433

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Once all proteins are functioning, a few starving cells start to emit cAMP pulses.