Incomplete lineage sorting (hemiplasy)

If you make a phylogenetic tree of how the alleles are related to each other, it does not mirror how the species split apart.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9724

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Calcium oxalate crystals are present in the vacuoles of many species, and may be distributed evenly throughout the leaf or restricted to specialized cells called idioblasts

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9725

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Constitutive chemical defenses are effective against many different herbivores, including insects and mammals. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9726

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Hemlock (Cicuta sp.) produces cicutoxin, a polyacetylene that prolongs the repolarization of neuronal action potentials.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9727

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The active principle in foxglove (Digitalis sp.) is cardinolide digitoxin, a cardiac glycoside that inhibits ATPase activity and can increase myocardial contraction.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9728

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Laticifers are made of individual cells and can occur either as articulated systems (single cells connected by a small tube) or non-articulated systems (one large syncytial cell).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9729

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Latex are resin terpenoids produced by laticifers is released upon damage and often contains cardiac glycosides which fend off herbivores.