Four ECM ubiquitous protein components, each of which comprises multiple, distinct, repeating domains, are found in basal laminae. Given below are a list of some extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in column A and their characteristics in column B.

Column A	Column B
a. Type IV collagen	i. a large multidomain proteoglycan that binds to and cross-links many ECM components and cell-surface molecules.
b. Laminins	ii. a rodlike molecule that cross-links type IV collagen, perlecan, and laminin, which helps incorporate other components into the ECM and also stabilizes basal laminae.
c. Perlecan	iii. a family of multi-adhesive, cross-shaped proteins that form a fibrous two-dimensional network with type IV collagen and that also bind to integrins and other adhesion receptors.
d. Nidogen	iv. trimeric molecules with both rodlike and globular domains that form a two-dimensional network.

Which one of the following is the most appropriate match?

#Question id: 4991

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Which of these fly organs, as they exist in current fly populations, best fits the description of an exaptation?

#Question id: 4992

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

The existence of the phenomenon of exaptation is most closely associated with which of the following reasons that natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms?

#Question id: 4993

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

If the prokaryotic flagellum developed from assemblages of proteins that originally were not involved with cell motility but with some other function instead, then the modern prokaryotic flagellum is a(n)

#Question id: 4994

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

In certain motile prokaryotes, dozens of different proteins comprise the motor that powers the prokaryotic flagellum. The motor has a complicated structure, and its various proteins interact to carry out its function. Based on Darwinʹs explanation for the existence of human eyes, how would he probably have explained the existence of such motors?

#Question id: 4995

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

It has been found that certain proteins of the complex motor that drives bacterial flagella are modified versions of proteins that had previously belonged to plasma membrane pumps. This is evidence in support of the claim that

#Question id: 4996

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

An explanation for the evolution of insect wings suggests that wings began as lateral extensions of the body that were used as heat dissipaters for thermoregulation. When they had become sufficiently large, these extensions became useful for gliding through the air, and selection later refined them as flight-producing wings. If this hypothesis is correct, insect wings could best be described as