A two-stage chemostat system is used for production of secondary metabolite. The volume of each reactor is 0.5 m³; the flow rate of feed is 50 l h^{- 1}. Mycelial growth occurs in the first reactor; the second reactor is used for product synthesis. The concentration of substrate in the feed is 10 gl^-1. Kinetic and yield parameters for the organism are:

                                                            

Assume that product synthesis is negligible in the first reactor and growth is negligible in the second reactor. Determine cell concentrations entering the second reactor.

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#Question id: 10529

#Section 6: Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

Insects produces an elicitors molecules that is caeliferins at the wound site in Arabidopsis plant, which induces

#Question id: 10532

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

A  closed, self-sealing solvent-filled vesicles that are bounded by only a single bilayer, known as:

#Question id: 10535

#Section 6: Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

The insect ingests plant tissue containing the fatty acids, an enzyme in the gut conjugates the plant-derived fatty acid to an insect-derived amino acid to form an elicitor, When plants recognize elicitors from insect saliva induces some typical responses such as

a) Increasing Ca²⁺ levels in the cytosol and then activate an array of target proteins, such as calmodulin and other Ca²⁺-dependent protein kinases

b) In Arabidopsis, a calmodulin-binding transcriptional regulator called IQD1 was identified as an important mediator of defense responses against insect herbivory

c) overexpression of IQD1 in Arabidopsis activate the herbivore activity

d) IQD1 binds calmodulin, a major Ca2+-binding protein, in a Ca2+-dependent manner and subsequently inhibits the gene involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis

Which of the following combination from above statements is correct?

#Question id: 10536

#Section 6: Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

Hormonal interactions contribute to plant–insect herbivore interactions such as— ethylene, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. In particular, ethylene appears to play an important role in this context, what will be the effect of ethylene when is applied alone and when is applied with other amino acids?

a) ethylene applied together with JA it seems to reduces defense responses

b) Ethylene appears to applied alone to plants, ethylene has little effect on defense-related gene activation

c) when ethylene applied together with JA it seems to enhance JA responses or defense responses are significantly increased

d) Ethylene appears to applied alone to plants, ethylene has more effect on defense-related gene activation

Which of the following combination is correct about ethylene effects?

#Question id: 10537

#Section 6: Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

Given below some functions of the glutamate receptor-like (GLR) genes. Which one is incorrect?

#Question id: 10538

#Section 6: Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

Injury to the leaf caused by herbivory activates which types of ion channels?