The vertebrate ectoderm, has 3 major responsibilities:

1. One part will become the neural plate

2. One part will become the epidermis

3. One part will become the neural crest

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10523

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In resting cells

Phospholipid scramblase XKR8 and TMEM16F would equilibrate phosphatidylserine in both plasma membrane leaflets, is inactive.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10524

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

During apoptosis, caspase-3 cleaves both ATP11A and

ATP11C, inactivating them

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10525

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

During apoptosis

caspase-3 cleaves the inactive phospholipid scramblase XKR8. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10526

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

After cleavage by caspase-3, truncated XKR8, together with either basigin (BSG) or neuroplastin (NPTN), undergoes dimerization and activation and translocates

phospholipids in both directions.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10527

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

By scramblase, appearance of phosphatidylserine on the outer surface, act as “eat me” signal

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10528

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

eat me” signal, recognize by a set of receptors on the surface of macrophages and other immune system cells, triggering phagocytosis of the cell or apoptotic body.