Desmosomes

Adhesion type- Cell-cell

Cytoskeletal attachment- Intermediate filaments

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Necrosis

occurs when cells are subjected to injury or excessive stresses, such as heat, absence of oxygen, or infection

by pathogens & marked by swelling and bursting of cells with release of their contents.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Necroptosis

A type of necrosis triggered by extracellular hormones that causes inflammation

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Anoikis 

Excess cells may also be extruded from epithelial layers, by a mechanically regulated process that can cause detachment and the loss of trophic survival signals

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Genes involved in controlling cell death encode proteins: 1. Killer or initiation proteins 

1. Killer or initiation proteins 

2. Destruction proteins 

3. Engulfment proteins

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Engulfment involves the assembly of a halo of actin in the engulfing cell around the dying cell, triggered by activation of Rac.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Four genes play an essential role in controlling apoptosis during C. elegans development: 

ced-3, ced-4, ced-9, and egl-1