In the absence of Wnts,

β-catenin is bound in a complex with Axin (a scaffold protein), APC, and kinases CK1 and GSK3.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

NADPH oxidases respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Atrboh) genes

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Extracellular basic hydroxyproline rich glycoproteins

(HRGPs) via the tyrosine in the repeated motif PPPPY that reacts with H2O2.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Polygalacturonases (PG) secreted by the fungal hyphae interact with WAK1 on plant cell wall results in the expression of plant defense proteins, including PGIPs Chitinases, glucanases, and phytoalexins to damage the fungal hyphae

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Phytoalexins are low molecular weight, lipophilic antimicrobial compounds for which phenylalanine is a substrate used by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL),

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

In Arabidopsis, PTI induces production of indole glucosinolates, to control of fungal pathogens. 

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

PTI and fungal pathogen entry into epidermal tissue induces several specific cytochrome P450 enzymes, and this leads to accumulation of the indole glucosinolate 4‐methoxyindol‐3‐ylmethylglucosinolate (4M13G).