In case of hotstart PCR, After the reaction mixture is prepared, primers can pair to the single-stranded regions in a nonspecific manner. 

A more attractive alternative is to cover the reaction mixture with a plug of inert wax and place the critical reagent on top of this plug. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2583

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In late proximal convoluted tubule

High tubular fluid Cl− concentration is the driving

force for reabsorption

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2584

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

There are two components for Cl− reabsorption:

Transcellular

Paracellular

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2585

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Function of the two exchangers is to transport NaCl from the lumen into the cell:

Na+-H+ exchanger

Cl−-formate− anion exchanger

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2586

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The proximal tubule is an important site for secretion of organic acids and bases such as bile salts, oxalate, urate, and catecholamines.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2649

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Thin descending and thin ascending segments, have thin epithelial membranes with no brush borders, few mitochondria, & minimal levels of metabolic activity.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2650

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Descending part of the thin segment is highly permeable to water and moderately permeable to most

Solutes (urea and sodium).