Many genes are arranged along the chromosomes in groups of related genes. These groups are called gene clusters. Examples of gene clusters are the globin gene family.

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#Id: 1673

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Toxoid(inactivated exotoxin)- Diphtheria, Tetanus Subunit- Hepatitis B, Pertussis, Streptococcal pneumonia Conjugate- Haemophilus influenzae type B, Streptococcal pneumonia

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#Id: 1674

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Recombinant Vector Vaccines Recombinant vectors maintain the advantages of live attenuated vaccines while avoiding this major disadvantage. Recombinant vector- Covishield vaccine, Ebola (in clinical testing)

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#Id: 1675

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

DNA Vaccines

Utilizes plasmid DNA encoding antigenic proteins that are injected directly into the muscle of the recipient. DNA vaccine- Zydus cadila vaccine, HPV (in clinical testing) Zika virus (in clinical testing)

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#Id: 1676

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

mRNA vaccine- Moderna covid vaccine

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#Id: 1677

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Adjuvants are substances added to vaccine preparations that help aid in delivery of the vaccine to the immune system and that enhance responses.

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#Id: 1678

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Multiple gene segments exist at heavy (V, D, and J) and light-chain (V and J) loci.