The human type II topoisomerases are targeted by doxorubicin (Adriamycin), etoposide (Etopophos), and ellipticine.

Most of these drugs stabilize the covalent topoisomerase-DNA (cleaved) complex.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8459

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Five types of constraints affect the stability of an  helix: 

(1) the intrinsic propensity of an amino acid residue to form an  helix; 

(2) the interactions between R groups, particularly those spaced three (or four) residues apart; 

(3) the bulkiness of adjacent R groups; 

(4) the occurrence of Pro and Gly residues; and 

(5) interactions between amino acid residues at the ends of the helical segment and the electric dipole inherent to the  helix.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6696

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

APOBEC3G (A3G)—is a potent inhibitor of infection by a range of retroviruses, including HIV. deaminates Cs to produce Us in that DNA strand, leading to hypermutation at levels the virus cannot accommodate, or even to destruction of the damaged strand by DNA glycosylase and apurinic apyrimidinic endonuclease

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1741

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6660

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The sequence AAUAAA is a signal for cleavage to generate a 3’ end of mRNA that is polyadenylated. Addition of poly(A) to nuclear RNA can be prevented by the analog 3’–deoxyadenosine known as cordycepin

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4795

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Median for ungrouped data:

Median = [(n+1)/2]th observation, if n is odd.

Median = mean of (n/2)th observation and [(n/2)+1]th observation, if n is even.