Comb shapes in chickens

9/16 walnut (R- P-)

3/16 rose (R- pp)

3/16 pea (rr P-)

1/16 single (rr pp)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3322

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

V-class proton pumps cannot acidify the lumen of an organelle because these pumps are electrogenic.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3323

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

For each H+ pumped across, a negative ion (e.g., OH− or Cl−) will be “left behind” on the cytosolic face, causing a buildup of negatively charged ions there.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3324

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

These oppositely charged ions attract each other on opposite faces of the membrane, generating a charge separation, or electric potential, across the membrane.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3325

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The proton-motive force— drives the synthesis of ATP as protons flow passively back into the matrix through a proton pore in ATP synthase.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3326

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Mitochondrial ATP synthase is an F-type ATPase and also called Complex V.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3327

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

ATP synthase has two components; F1, a peripheral membrane protein, and Fo, oligomycin sensitive