The normal total circulating blood volume is about 8% of the body weight (5600 mL in a 70-kg man).  About 55% of this volume is plasma (3500 mL in a 70-kg man).

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Brassinosteroids are synthesized from the plant sterol campesterol, which is similar in structure to cholesterol. Members of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) enzyme family that are associated with the ER catalyze most of the reactions in the brassinosteroid biosynthesis pathway.

Mevalonic acid serves as a precursor of the triterpenoid pathway and is condensed and transformed to 2,3-oxidosqualene which further undergoes modification to form major plant sterols like sitosterols and campesterols.

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Ku70, Ku80, DNA-PKcs, Artemis, XRCC4, Cernunnos-XLF, and DNA ligase IV. Ku70 and Ku80 are the most fundamental components of NHEJ. 

They constitute a heterodimer that binds to the DNA ends and recruits DNA-PKcs, which is a protein kinase. DNA-PKcs, in turn, forms a complex with Artemis. Artemis is both a 5’-to-3’ exonuclease and a latent endonuclease that is activated by phosphorylation by DNA-PKcs. 

These nucleolytic activities process the broken ends and prepare them for ligation. Ligase IV performs ligation in a complex with XRCC4 and Cernunnos-XLF.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The MTT assay can measure cell proliferation or cell death.