The overall change in allelic frequency is a balance between the opposing forces of forward mutation and reverse  mutation:

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

These oppositely charged ions attract each other on opposite faces of the membrane, generating a charge separation, or electric potential, across the membrane.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The proton-motive force— drives the synthesis of ATP as protons flow passively back into the matrix through a proton pore in ATP synthase.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Mitochondrial ATP synthase is an F-type ATPase and also called Complex V.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

ATP synthase has two components; F1, a peripheral membrane protein, and Fo, oligomycin sensitive

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

ATP synthase stabilizes ATP relative to ADP + Pi by binding ATP more tightly, releasing enough energy to counterbalance the cost of making ATP.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Careful measurements of the binding constants show that FoF1 binds ATP with very high affinity (K d < 10^-12 M) and ADP with much lower affinity (Kd ≈ 10^-5 M).