Cardiolipin

an unusual “double” phospholipid containing four fatty acid chains

found primarily in the inner mitochondrial membrane

acts to improve the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, by restricting proton flow across the membrane

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10509

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

CED-4 in C. elegans = Apaf-1 in Mammals

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10510

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The principal caspase in C. elegans is CED-3

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10511

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

CED-3 in C. elegans = Caspase-9 in mammals

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10512

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

EGL-1 protein binds to CED-9, alters its conformation, and catalyzes the release of CED-4 from CED-9

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10513

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Four freed CED-4 dimers combine to form a CED-4 octamer, which binds two molecules of the CED-3 zymogen (an enzymatically inactive precursor) triggers the formation of the active CED-3 protease

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10514

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In mammals

XIAP (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins) restrain both initiator and effector caspases