CD spectra is used to

determine whether proteins are properly folded, 

estimate the fraction of the protein that is folded in either of the common secondary structures, and

monitor transitions between the folded and unfolded states.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8208

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

There are 4 paths from different sources feed substances into lysosomes for digestion:

• Endocytosis

• Phagocytosis

• Macropinocytosis

• Autophagy

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8209

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8210

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Autophagy (“eating oneself”)

When cells are placed under stressful conditions, they have the capacity to recycle macromolecules for use as nutrients in a process of lysosomal degradation.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8211

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Autophagosome, or autophagic vesicle

formation of a flattened double-membrane cup-shaped structure that envelops a region of the cytosol or an entire organelle.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8212

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8213

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Autophagy occurs in the following sequence of steps:

Induction by activation of mTOR complex 1

• Nucleation of autophagosome formation by ATG9

• Closure of the membrane cup to form autophagosome

• Fusion of the autophagosome with lysosomes, catalyzed by SNAREs.

• Digestion of the inner membrane and the lumenal contents of the autophagosome