RI will not bind to RII unless RII is bound to TGF-β.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10024

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NF-κB pathway is activated by:

components of bacterial or fungal cell walls or segments of bacterial DNA bind to Toll-like receptors

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10025

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10026

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NF-κB pathway is activated by:

TNFα and IL-1, released by immune cells in response to infection.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10027

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NF-κB stimulates expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins, including FLIP, Bcl-XL, A1/Bfl-1, c-IAP, XIAP, TRAF1, and TRAF2.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10028

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In certain immune cells, NF-κB stimulates expression of iNOS (inducible isoform of the enzyme that produces NO), which is toxic to bacterial cells

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10029

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In resting cells,

NF-κB binds directly to an inhibitor called I-κBα