Biotrophs are Specialised (‘obligate’) pathogens

Possess appressoria or haustoria

Narrow host range

Controlled by salicylate-dependent host-defence pathways

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

B cells migrate to the lymphoid follicles. They are directed there by chemokine interactions between CXCL13, which is secreted by follicular dendritic cells (FDCs).

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

B-cell survival in the follicle is dependent on access to the TNF-family member cytokine B-cell activation factor (BAFF), otherwise known as B lymphocyte survival factor (BLyS), which is secreted by the FDCs.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

B-cell activation

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

T-dependent response

Recognition of protein antigens and requires the participation of CD4 helper T cells

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling