Coronatine is involved in causing stomata to open after closing in response to PAMPs, as well as in interfering with salicylic acid (SA)‐mediated defense responses.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8834

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Buildup of a acidic thylakoid ΔpH in the presence of excess light resulting the thylakoid lumen activates an enzyme (violaxanthin de‐epoxidase) that converts violaxanthin into zeaxanthin

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8835

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Protonation of a membrane protein (PSBS) that promotes a dissipative state of LHC proteins in the PSII antenna is also a major form of NPQ

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8836

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8837

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The ascorbate-glutathione pathway (Halliwell-Asada cycle) is an indispensible component of the ROS homeostasis mechanism of plants.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8838

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The biosynthesis of chlorophylls and heme begins with the synthesis of δ‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) from glutamic acid. 

Two molecules of ALA react to yield porphobilinogen (PBG). 

Four molecules of PBG form the ring structure of protoporphyrin IX, the common branch point for the synthesis of heme and chlorophyll. 

To make chlorophyll, a magnesium chelatase inserts Mg into the protoporphyrin IX ring

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8994

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Carboxylation of the CO2 acceptor molecule. 

The first committed enzymatic step in the cycle is the reaction of CO2 and water with a five-carbon acceptor molecule (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate) to generate two molecules of a three-carbon intermediate (3-phosphoglycerate).