Variation in Influenza Strains

Antigenic variation in HA and NA is generated by

Antigenic drift involves a series of spontaneous point mutations that occur gradually.

Antigenic shift results in the sudden emergence of a new subtype of influenza.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

There are several major approaches to protein structure prediction.

The simplest and most reliable approach is

homology modeling, aligns the sequence of interest with the sequence of a homologous protein or domain of known structure—compensating for amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions—through modeling and energy minimization calculations.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8511

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Threading is a computational technique that attempts

to determine the unknown structure of a protein by ascertaining

whether it is consistent with a known protein structure.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8512

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Prediction of the structure of a protein based only on its chemical and physical properties is done by ab initio (from the beginning) methods is the Rosetta program

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

About 75% of the charged residues in proteins are members of ion pairs that are located mostly on the protein surface.

Despite the strong electrostatic attraction interactions contribute little to the stability of a native protein.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

The overall probability of RNase A re-forming its four native disulfide links at random is-

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Proteins fold to their native conformations via directed pathways rather than stumbling on them through random conformational searches.