we examine how the deregulation of growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting signaling pathways contributes to tumorigenesis. Mutations-

A. A mutation that alters a single amino acid (valine to glutamine) in the transmembrane region of the HER2 receptor

B. A deletion that causes loss of the extracellular ligand-binding domain in the EGF receptor Results-

i. dimerization of the receptor, even in the absence of the normal EGF-related ligand, transforming it into the oncoprotein, a constitutively active kinase

ii. to constitutive activation of the kinase activity of the resulting oncoprotein

iii. no dimerization, even in the presence of the normal EGF-related ligand, repression of kinase activity

which of the following results are displayed after these mutations?

#Question id: 1410

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The number of alterations in DNA per cell per day is

#Question id: 4007

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Of the following statements about the different types of eukaryotic RNA, which one is true?

#Question id: 7193

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Some statements with respect to the regeneration in hydra.

A. The major head inducer of the hypostome organizer is a set of Wnt proteins acting through the canonical B-catenin pathway.

B. The major head inducer of the hypostome organizer is a set of Wnt proteins acting through the noncanonical B-catenin pathway.

C. These Wnt proteins are seen in the apical end of the early bud, defining the hypostome region as the bud elongates

D. If the Wnt signaling inhibitor GSK3 is itself inhibited throughout the body axis, ectopic tentacles form at all levels, and each piece of the trunk has the ability to stimulate the outgrowth of new buds.

E. transgenic hydra made to globally misexpress the downstream Wnt effector ectopic tentacles form at all levels, and each piece of the trunk has the ability to stimulate the outgrowth of new buds.

Which of the following statements are incorrect?

#Question id: 13224

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

#Question id: 7197

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Following statements are regarding to PAR proteins and the establishment of polarity during early development in nematodes.

A. The internal cytoplasm contains PAR-3, PAR-6, and PKC-3, and the cortical cytoplasm contains PAR-2 and PAR-1.

B. PAR-3 and PAR-6, interacting with the protein kinase PKC-3 are uniformly distributed in the cortical cytoplasm. PKC-3 restricts PAR-1 and PAR-2 to the internal cytoplasm by phosphorylating them.

C. Once PAR-1 is in the cortical cytoplasm, it phosphorylates PAR-3, causing PAR-3 (and its binding partner, PKC-3) to leave the cortex.

D. During first cleavage, the metaphase plate is closer to the posterior, and the fertilized egg is divided into two cells, one having the anterior PARs (PAR-1 and PAR-2) and one having the posterior PARs (PAR-3 and PAR-6).

Which of the following statements are correct?