β-Carotene is the precursor of vitamin A1.
Oxidation at C-15 converts retinol to the aldehyde, retinal, and further oxidation produces retinoic acid, a hormone that regulates gene expression. 

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#XL - T Zoology

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Three major classes of animal-cell junctions: 

1. Anchoring junctions

2. Tight junctions

3. Gap junctions

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Intracellular bacterial

Intracellular bacterial infections tend to induce a cell-mediated immune response, specifically DTH. 

In this response, cytokines secreted by CD4+ T cells are important—most notably IFN-ϒ, which activates macrophages.

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phytoalexins, antimicrobial compounds synthesized in response to bacterial or fungal infection that help limit the spread of the invading pathogen.

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Defects of cohesin’s gene expression regulation function are the cause of a group of diseases collectively called cohesinopathies.