To store, toxic secondary metabolites is to conjugate them with a sugar, which also makes them more water soluble

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9356

#XL - T Zoology

RI will not bind to RII unless RII is bound to TGF-β.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9357

#XL - T Zoology

RII phosphorylates serine and threonine in the juxtamembrane segment of the RI (ligand induced receptor hetero-oligomerization), releasing the inhibition of RI kinase activity.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9358

#XL - T Zoology

Active type I receptor kinase phosphorylates a Smad

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9359

#XL - T Zoology

Three types of Smad proteins function in the TGF-β signaling pathway: 

R-Smads (Smad2 and Smad3)

Co-Smads (Smad4)

I-Smads (Smad7)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9360

#XL - T Zoology

Smad2/3 become phosphorylated by active RI receptors and together with Smad4 move into the nucleus to activate gene transcription

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9361

#XL - T Zoology

R-Smads comprising: 

An N-terminal MH1 domain

A central proline-rich linker 

A C-terminal MH2 domain