Union of stamen

Stamens of flower may be united with other members (adhesion) such as petals or among themselves (cohesion)

Adhesion of stamen

When stamens are attached to the petals, they are epipetalous  e.g., brinjal, Datura (solanaceae)

Adhesion of stamen

when attached to the perianth called epiphyllouse.g., lily (liliaceae), Asperagus (asparagaceae)

Adhesion of stamen

Stamen may unite with gynoecium called gynandrous, it is also called gynandrium or gynostegium' e.g., calotropis (apocynaceae)

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III.Vascular plants  (pteridophyta)

Homosporous or Heterosporous

Sexual reproduction- Oogamous

Antheridium-  Sessile and reduced in size

Haplodiplontic-  alteration of generation

Spores produced inside the sporangia on leaves

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Habitat

Plants annual or perennials.

Xeric- Selaginella lepidophylla

Aquatic- Azolla, Marsilea, Salvinia

Epiphytic- i.e., growing on large trunks of trees. Ex- Lycopodium

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III. Vascular plants (pteridophyta)

EVOLUTION OF ROOTS

Instead of the rhizoids seen in bryophytes, roots evolved in the sporophytes of almost all vascular plants

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III. Vascular plants  (pteridophyta)

EVOLUTION OF LEAVES

spore-bearing leaves called sporophylls

In terms of size and complexity, leaves can be classified as either microphylls or megaphylls

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Sporophylls and Spore Variations

Sporophylls produce clusters of sporangia known as “sori”

Groups of sporophylls form cone-like structures called “strobili”