The gametes fuse to form a zygote that differentiates to the sporozoite stage within the salivary gland of the mosquito.

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Influenza virus binds to sialic acid residues

Rhinovirus binds to intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) binds to type 2 complement receptors on B cells

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Innate response elements commonly engaged by encounter with viral PAMPs, such as secretion of type I interferons, inflammasome and NK-cell activation, as well as IL-12 production.

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Mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses

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#Id: 9920

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Many Viruses Are Neutralized by Antibodies

Antibodies are particularly effective if they are localized at the site of viral entry into the body.

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#Id: 9921

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Cell-Mediated Immunity against Virus

Both CD8+ TC cells and CD4+ TH1 cells are required components of the cell-mediated antiviral defense.

Activated TH1 cells produce IL-2, IFN-ϒ, and tumor necrosis factor-α.

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IFN-ϒ acts directly by inducing an antiviral state in nearby cells.

IL-2 acts indirectly by assisting the development of cytotoxic T lymphocyte(CTL) precursors into an effector population.

Both IL-2 and IFN-ϒ activate NK cells.