Each of the three β subunits has one catalytic site for ATP synthesis.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Apoptotic cells attract phagocytes by releasing the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid, which functions as a chemoattractant

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Conserved motifs, usually present in many copies on the surface of a bacterium, fungal cell, parasite, or virus particle, are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Receptors of the innate immune system that recognize molecular patterns or motifs present on pathogens but absent in the host.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Pattern recognition

Families of PRRs (TLRs, CLRs, RLRs, and NLRs) recognize a wide variety of PAMP (and DAMP) ligands.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Toll-Like Receptors Recognize Many Types of Pathogen Molecules - Vertebrate Toll-like receptors  are dimers of chains with extracellular leucine-rich (LRR) domains that bind PAMPs and DAMPs. 

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling