Structure of three natural auxins

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Promoters that are constitutively expressed and needed in all cells (their genes are sometimes called housekeeping genes) have upstream sequence elements that are recognized by ubiquitous activators.

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Proteins bound at enhancer elements interact with proteins bound at promoter elements via DNA looping, very often through intermediates called coactivators.

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Eukaryotic transcription is most often under positive regulation: A transcription factor is provided under tissue-specific control to activate a promoter or set of promoters that contain a common target sequence.

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There are five common subunits in all three RNA Polymerases

Rpb5

Rpb6

Rpb8

Rpb10

Rpb12

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

There are 27 of these repeats in the yeast Pol II CTD, 32 in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, 45 in the fly Drosophila, and 52 in humans.  YSPTSPS repeats in CTD corresponds to the complexity of the genome.