KNOX genes

KNOX gene expression increases cytokinin levels in the shoot apical meristem by upregulating the cytokinin biosynthetic gene ISOPENTENYL TRANSFERASE7 (IPT7)

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#Id: 2673

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Positive charge forces cations such as Mg++ and Ca++ to diffuse from the tubular lumen through the paracellular space and into the interstitial fluid.

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#Id: 5527

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In early proximal convoluted tubule sodium is reabsorbed by co-transport along with glucose, amino acids, & other solutes.

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#Id: 5528

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Late proximal tubule reabsorbs primarily NaCl

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#Id: 5529

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In late proximal convoluted tubule High tubular fluid Cl− concentration is the driving force for reabsorption

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#Id: 5530

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Function of the two exchangers is to transport NaCl from the lumen into the cell:

Na+-H+ exchanger

Cl−-formate− anion exchanger

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#Id: 5531

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Transepithelial Voltage 

Cl− diffusion establishes a Cl− diffusion potential, making the lumen positive with respect to blood.