Natural selection will favor those individuals that allocate their resources in a way that achieves maximum fitness.

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There are 18 different antigenic subtypes for HA and 11 for NA.

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Variation in Influenza Strains

Antigenic variation in HA and NA is generated by

Antigenic drift involves a series of spontaneous point mutations that occur gradually.

Antigenic shift results in the sudden emergence of a new subtype of influenza.

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Original antigenic sin

Tendency to focus an immune attack on those structures that were present during the original.

This means that our immune systems effectively ignore the subtle changes occurring each year in pathogens

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Bacterial Infections

Bacteria enter the body through several natural routes.